Kinds of clauses

There are three kinds of clauses

1. Adverb clause
2. Adjective clause
3. Noun clause

Adverb clause, An adverb clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and it does the work of an adverb; as,

1. She can meet me wherever she likes.
2. She can meet me if she likes

In the above sentences wherever she likes and if she likes are adverb clauses.

Note. An adverb, an adverb phrase or and adverb clause qualifies a verb an adjective or another adverb and thus they answer the questions how, when where and why.

An adverb clause may be classified as

Adverb clause of

1. Time
2. Place
3. Purpose
4. Cause or reason
5. Condition
6. Result
7. Comparison
8. Supposition or Concession

Adverb clause of Time. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions —- when, where, while, before, after, since, as etc.

1. The students can meet the principle when the class in over.
2. Don’t disturb me while I m doing my work.
3. As the principle entered the classroom the students rose to their feet.
4. You should show me the work before you go home

Adverb clause of place. Adverb clauses of place are introduced by subordinating conjunctions—-When, Wherever, whence etc.

1. The captain led the soldiers where he was ordered.
2. I met her wherever I liked.
3. She can go back whence she come.
4. We stayed where liked.

Adverb clause of purpose. Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by subordination conjunctions – that, lest, so that, in order that.

1. I studied hard in order that I could good marks.
2. She closed all the doors so that the rain water might not come in
3. That he might be well brought up his parents suffered.
4. Walk slowly lest you should fall.
5. Come here that I may bless you.

Adverb clause of cause or reason. Adverb clauses of cause or reason are introduced by subordinating conjunctions – because, since, that etc.

1. Because you studied hard, you got good marks.
2. Since you are not well you can go home.
3. She is very happy that her son has come back.
4. As the chairman was on leave, we spoke to the director.

Adverb clause of condition. Adverb clauses of condition are introduced by the subordinating conjunction – if, unless, whether.

1. If it does not rain we shall go out.
2. If you work hard you will pass.
3. We must do our duty whether we like it or not.
4. Unless you work hard you can not pass.
5. Unless you improve your behavior no one will like you

Note. Sometimes, the subordinating conjunction is omitted in the past conditionals; as,

1. Had you worked hard you would not have regretted.
2. Were I the head of the organization   I would improve the administration.

Adverb clause of Result or consequence. Adverb clauses of result or consequence are introduced by the subordinating conjunction – that, so , or, such.

Note. ‘So’ or such are used before that in the principal clause; as,

1. I studied so hard that I got distinction in all subjects.
2. Such was her behavior that every one disliked her.
3. So good were you deeds that every one appreciated you.
4. I worked so hard that I spoiled my health.

Adverb clause of comparison. Adverb clauses of comparison are of two kinds:

1. Adverb clauses of comparison of degree.
2. Adverb clauses of comparison of manner.

Adverb clauses of comparison of degree are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that or Relative Adverb; as,

1. This building is higher than that (building is).
2. I like singing better than you (like).
3. He runs faster than you (ran).
4. She is not as honest as you think (she is).
5. He is as stupid as he is dishonest.
6. His handwriting is better than that of yours (handwriting is).

Note. The verbs of adverb clauses of comparison of degree are generally understood and are not expressed as those in brackets above.

Adverb clauses of comparison of manner are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions – though, although, even if.

1. Even if he failed he did not lose heart.
2. Although he is rich he is greedy.
3. Although you failed you had worked hard.
4. You should continue working even though you are tired.
5. Even if he is weak he does a lot of work

Adjective clause

An Adjective clause is a group of words which has a subject and a predicate

Of its own and does the work of an adjective.

An adjectives clause is introduced by relative pronouns – who, which, that, but and relative adverbs – where when why.

1. This is the book which he gave me.
2. She is the woman whom we respect.
3. The reason why he did it is not clear.
4. The time when the train will arrive is not known.
5. The house where you stayed is not far off.
6. The man who invited you to diner is my friend.
7. There is no one but loves sonu (There is no one who does not love sonu).

Note. Relative adverbs – why, when where – used in the sentences above are also used in the adverb clauses but in the above sentences they are used to make adjective clauses in the above sentences they are used to which time? And which house?

Note. Sometimes a Relative Pronoun may introduce a coordinate clause but it may appear as adjective clause; as,

She met shoan who gave her a gift.

Who gave her a gift may appear to be an adjective clause but this sentence is no way is describing the noun sohan this sentence should actually mean she met sohan and he gave her a gift.

Noun clause

A Noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject and predicate of its own and it does the work of a noun. A noun clause answers the question what? As,

We hope that we shall win the match.

The group of words that we will win the match. Contains a subject and predicate of its own and answers the question – hope what? It is therefore a coun clause.

A noun clause can be –

1. The subject of a verb.
2. the object of a transitive verb.
3. The object of a preposition.
4. In apposition to a noun or pronoun.
5. The complement of a verb of incomplete predication.

Noun clause as a subject of a verb:

1. That he will pass is not certain.
2. Why she visits this place is a mystery.
3. What he says is not true.
4. Whether he will come seems uncertain

Noun Clause as an object to a transitive verb:

1. He said that he would come in time.
2. I can not say when he will come.
3. She asked me what I wanted.
4. He said that he would attend the office.

Noun Clause as an object to preposition:

1. We should listen to what they say.
2. There was no meaning in what he said.
3. The students should pay attention to what the principal says.

Noun clause in apposition to a noun or pronoun:

1. His belief that there is no God is not true.
2. The captain’s idea that we must sail was appreciated.
3. The fear that the storm would strike was baseless.

Noun clause as the complement of a verb of incomplete predication.

1. His fear was that you would not come in time.
2. This how he solves the sums.
3. This was how he behaved.

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